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Oleander

Scientific classification:
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae Subfamily
: Apocynoideae
Genre: Nerium
Species: N. oleander

Photo: Nerium Oleander
The oleander (Nerium oleander L., 1753) is an evergreen shrub belonging to the family Apocynaceae. Is it native to Asia but naturalized in the Mediterranean and spontaneous and widely cultivated for ornamental purposes.

The oleander has a shrub with branched stems usually not departing from the stump, at first erect, then arching outward. The young branches are green and hairless. The stems and branches have an old bark greyish.
The leaves are hairless and leathery, arranged in whorls of 2-3, shortly petiolate, with entire margin and rib strong central and prominent. The lamina is lanceolate, acute apex, 1-2 cm wide and 10-14 cm long.

Photo: oleander flowers
The flowers are large and showy, radial symmetry, arranged in terminal buds. The cup is divided into five lobes lanceolate, pale pink or white forms in the wild. The corolla is tubular and then divided into five lobes, varying in color from white to pink to carmine red. The cultivated varieties are double flowered. The androecium consists of five stamens, with filaments welded pipe corollino. The ovary is super, formed by two carpels pluriovulari. The bloom is abundant and scalar begins in April or May and lasts through the summer until autumn.

Photo: Semi-ripe fruit to
The fruit is a follicle fusiform, narrow and elongated, 10-15 cm long. A mature, open lengthwise, leaving out the seeds. The seed has a size varies from 3 to 5 mm long and about 1 mm in diameter and is topped with a fluff prepared umbrella (PAPP), which allows the seed to be carried by wind for long distances.


needs and adaptation

Image: Nerium oleander wild
The oleander is a thermophilic species eliofila and quite hardy. Takes advantage of soil moisture with a strong vegetative response, however, has xerofitici characters due to the change of leaf stomata that allow it to withstand long periods of drought. Sensitive to cold weather , so in cold environments outside his area fitoclimatica should be placed in sheltered and sunny.
is grown all over Italy as an ornamental and is often used along roads because it requires no special cultural practices.
Despite the bushy nature, can be cared for the tree-lined boulevards to create beautiful flowers for the abundant, long and varied colors. In this case requires frequent interventions spollonatura to remove basal suckers from the stump issued

The oleander has a fairly large distribution area that extends from the warm temperate zone in Japan the basin of the Mediterranean .
In Italy grows naturally in the area of \u200b\u200bfitoclimatica Lauretum at the coast, advancing to within 1000 meters of altitude along the waterways. In fact it is a common and distinctive vegetation riparian environments of the Mediterranean , almost always associated with other riparian species such as the 'alder , the tamarisk , the' chaste lamb .
settles both on sandy soils at the mouths of rivers or along their shores, and on rocky shores, often forming a dense vegetation.

The riparian plant association with a marked presence of oleander is a particular cenosis plant which takes its name Macchia to oleander and chaste lamb , of \u200b\u200blimited size. It is a natural continuation of ' Oleo-Ceratonion , since the two cenosis graded at each other with intermediate associations that see oleander and simultaneously the presence of elements typical of the termoxerofila ( mastic , carob , myrtle, etc.)..
A singular case, perhaps unique in nature, can be found in the Gorge on Gorropu between Supramonte of Orgosolo and to Urzulei in Sardinia : in this case the stain to oleander chaste lamb and you forward up to 1000 feet bordering the primary ilex.

In pharmacology
Photo: Oleandrina.
toxins nell'oleandro
The oleander is one of the most toxic plants that are known. The whole plant (leaves, bark, seeds) is toxic to any animal species.
If ingested leads to
- tachycardia with increased respiratory rate,
- stomach upset, including vomiting, nausea and heartburn
- central nervous system disorders, including drowsiness.
Responsible for this is the extreme toxicity oleandrina, a glycoside cardiotoxic, but the oleander contains a number of other toxic principles, which are preserved even after drying.

The oleander is one of the plants that contain cardenolidi.
The animal species most affected are horses, cattle and small carnivores. In horses we also have the appearance of serious and deep lesions on the oral mucosa.
Death comes to cardio-respiratory collapse only in case if they ingest large quantities

Trivia:

The oleander is subject to gift and a metaphor for life in the film The fish love with Leonardo Pieraccioni.
Its toxic properties have been used as a "weapon" for the murder described in the movie White Oleander. In that regard, the story goes that several soldiers of Napoleon's troops died from poisoning after using oleander branches as skewers for cooking the meat on the grill during the military campaigns in Italy.

Source: Wikipedia.org

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Coleus

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Labiatae
Genre: Coleus

Photo: Coleus blumei
contains about 150 species of annual or perennial evergreen plants, which reach a height of about 30-50 cm and is grown for its spectacular foliage.

The genus name derives from the greek Koleos, sheath, scabbard, by virtue of the filaments of the stamens that appear together in small bundles, is native to the island of Java.

cultivated specimens are all derived from C. blumei.

are perennials grown as annuals, with opposite leaves, ovate-acuminate and crenate margins, with the foil of various colors, depending on the variety, stems square in section and small insignificant flowers blue-purple meeting in the ear, hatched in winter, which will be eliminated as soon appeared, to prevent the plant going to seed, loses its beauty (with the exception of C. thyrsoideus which has a rich and decorative flowering in winter).

Although perennial plants, they prefer to sow them every spring or multiplied by such (given that the adult plants tend to become clumsy), especially if you intend to use them outside to decorate borders or flower beds.

Species:
Coleus blumei: from the island of Java, this species, perennial but grown as an annual, has spreading habit and reaches a height of 30-40 cm.
He often red heart-shaped leaves with green margins (but can also take on different colors), while flowers, small and insignificant, should be removed as soon as it occurred (ie not left fully developed) so that the plant has a negative impact to the detriment of the beauty of foliage.

Coleus thyrsoideus: has heart shaped leaves and, from November to March, produces many flower color bright blue, in panicles, which are decorative.
can reach a height of 1 m. It usually grows as a biennial plant is grown and after flowering until spring or summer to take cuttings.
should be watered thoroughly in the winter to maintain a beautiful flower.

Coleus verschaffeltii: has larger size of C. blumei and heart-shaped leaves, toothed and smooth the foil and purple with green margins.

environmental requirements, substrate, fertilizer and stratagems,
temperature: the minimum winter temperature tolerated is about 16 ° C. If grown in pots, the winter will be taken at home or in a cold greenhouse.
Light : Due to the very colorful foliage, it needs very bright displays, with the exception of the direct rays of the sun.
and humidity Watering: Watering should be plentiful in summer, less in winter (with the exception of C. thyrsoideus which blooms in winter, and therefore requires heavy watering even in this time of year). The humidity should be increased by any means.
Substrate: The ideal soil should be a mixture of peat, soil and leaves of fertilized land in equal parts, with the addition of sand.
Fertilization and special precautions: Coleus are planted in the spring. Although perennials are grown as annuals.


Multiplication Propagation and Pruning: The most widely used method of propagation is by cuttings, which must be taken in the spring, the species C. blumei non-flowering branches (length about 7-8 cm), while C. thyrsoideus from the shoots of plants pruned.
The cuttings should be placed at the root of a mixture of peat and sand at a temperature of 16-18 ° C.
Pruning: Coleus should be subjected to the shearing of the shoot tip every 2-3 weeks, in order to stimulate the production of other classes.
plants grown as biennials (thyrsoideus C. and C. blumei) should be pruned in February, about two-thirds (10 cm from the base for C. thyrsoideus).

diseases, pests and adverse
- Aleurotide greenhouses: these little white flies spread quickly from plant to plant. Specimens affected are covered with sugars (which favor the attack by scale insects), turn yellow and wither. He fought with insecticide.
- Aphids: attack leaves and flowers. The sap and make the plant sticky. Are eliminated by washing the plant and treating it with insecticide specific.
- Cochineal: they occur most easily on copies already attached dall'aleurotide greenhouses. You fight with anticoccidials and eliminating branches and leaves affected. As an alternative to chemical, you can rub the affected areas with a brush wet with water and alcohol.
- Leaves that turn yellow or wilt and fall: water shortage.
- wrinkled and dark ring on the stem: rot due to excessive watering.
- Leaves sparsely colored: light exposure is not sufficient.
- changes in temperature and low temperatures: the plant is reduced to a sodden heap. We must cut the affected parties and move the plant in a warmer place and without currents.

Some varieties of the most colorful:

Coleus Chocolate Mint and

Coleus Diptin Wine

Coleus Freckles

Coleus Gaysdelight

Coleus Juliet Quartermain

Coleus kings Wood Torch

Coleus Old Lace

Ruffles Coleus

Coleus Saturn

Coleus Splash

Source: Agraria.org text, photos armitageimages.net

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Platano

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida Order
: Hamamelidales
Family: Platanaceae
Genre: Platanus

Photo: Platanus occidentalis
Platanus is a kind of plants of family of Platanaceae .

monumental trees are suitable as ornamental plants to decorate streets, parks and large gardens, and urban design because of the high resistance smog of big cities.



best known species of Platanus

Platanus hispanica Platanus acerifolia


Platanus hybrida Platanus kerrii Platanus mexicana


Platanus occidentalis Platanus orientalis Platanus racemosa

Platanus wrightii

Photo: Platanus x hispanica

The species now wild in Italy, Fr hybrida commonly known as common plantain is a hybrid between Platanus occidentalis Platanus orientalis and. The Platanus occidentalis L.
known as West Willow, is a native of North America, also commonly called Platano American has 3-5 lobed leaves little marked, seed heads solitary door peeps, achenes surmounted by a short style, cultivated for ornamental purposes in Italy

photo: Fruit of Platanus Hispanic

is used as an ornamental tree for avenues, parks and large gardens
The timber made from it is heavy (p. sp. 1.00 from fresh, aged 0.67, 0.62 dry), durable, is used for furniture, plywood, firewood

Adversity

Insects:
- Lepidoptera:
Bombich - larvae Lasiocampa Quercus L. (Lasiocampidae) erode the leaf blade causing severe defoliation
Bucephalus - larvae Phalera Bucephala L. (Notodontidae) attack the leaves, leaving intact only the ribs
Rodilegno white - the larvae of L. Zeuzera pyrin cause serious damage by digging tunnels in the trunks and branches slender
- beetle - adults and larvae of the beetle Scolytus multistriatus Marsh. feed on buds and tender bark, with serious phenomena of decay of the plant and yellowing of the leaves, the females dig tunnels between the bark and lay the wood, the larvae dig new tunnels perpendicular to the mother tongue, emerging through a hole in cortex in the adult stage, may be carriers of fungal diseases
Mushrooms:
- Carie - the attack of Polyporus sp., Trametes sp. Fomes sp. reduced to a pile of wood spongy and crumbly, whitish or brownish, depending on the degradation of cellulose and lignin interests, on the surface of the trunk appear carpophores shelf or hoof-shaped, gray-yellowish caseous in consistency and maturity woody
- Seccume leaf - the attack Gnomonia veneta (Sacc. et Speg.) Kleb. Case browning on the leaves of the lamina, in correspondence with the prime rib with the appearance of blackish dots, on the twigs causes a shortening of internodes with the formation of tubercles
- Cancer colorful - the Ascomycota fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata is a dangerous parasite originating from America and arrived in Europe during World War II (Through the plane of wooden crates in which the ammunition were landed at Trieste). The infection affects all plant parts (stems, foliage and roots) and is transmitted by direct contact with fungal spores wounds (even small) of plant tissue or by merging the roots (very close to plants), resulting in increasingly lethal and not treatable with standard antifungal products. The acute form causes the complete desiccation of parts of the foliage and can be present on the logs in the form of large necrotic areas often presenting unusual pigmentations. The common name of the disease, "canker stain of plane tree", comes from the characteristic reddish color that transmits the parasite to areas woody affected. In Italy, where the disease appeared for the first time in the '70s and spread quickly across large areas both north and south (Lombardy is currently the worst affected region), is in effect an obligation to fight against disease, including strict rules on the slaughter of infected individuals and disposal of timber struck.

Source: Wikipedia.org

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Mulch

The mulching operation is implemented in agriculture and gardening is done by covering the soil with a layer of material, in order to prevent the growth weeds, keep moisture in the soil, protect the soil from erosion, prevent the formation of so-called crust, reduce compaction, maintain the structure and raise soil temperature.

Materials

- cocoa husks
-
straw - dried leaves
- grass mowing
- shredded pine bark
- Cardboard
- litter
- plastic film or bioplastic
- gravel
- lapillus

eg.: shredded bark
Mulching imitates what happens naturally in the woods where the leaves are piling up on the ground under the tree, limiting the growth of other vegetation.
The effect is due to inhibition of a physical (and preventing the penetration of sunlight, lack of space for the development of weeds) and biochemical actions of (the release of inhibitory substances that contaminate the bio- seeds and propagating parts of weeds).

This technique allows to maintain the level of surface roots, a higher temperature in the cold months, while decreasing the need for watering during the warm months.

Mulching is a method widely used in sustainable agricultural practices such as permaculture, natural farming and biodynamic farming.

With regard to the recent problems related to the spread of the tiger mosquito in Italy, it should also be noted that the technique of mulching, now widespread in thousands of private and public gardens, create as many receptacles for the development of the larvae which Contrary to popular view, are developed not only in stagnant water in the soil but, when wet, and do not proliferate in random spots and low vegetation and shaded.

A technique very suitable for the benefits it gives the care of the vegetation today thus involves a problematic side of the coin on which is worth some reflection.

Source: Wikipedia.org

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Propaggine

The offshoot is a technique similar to propagating plants from cuttings, and for this reason it is also known as "assisted cutting."

It operates arching toward the ground and buried the branch chosen for a good stretch with fresh potting soil and light, removing a ring of bark under a node to facilitate the formation of a callus from which scar will develop roots. After a bit 'of time will separate the branch from the mother plant, which until then had seen in nutrition and later transplant.

offshoot The cultivation technique is cumbersome and time that you use only for plants that do not involve propagation by cuttings or layering, and greenhouse plants for precious and rare.

Source: Wikipedia.org

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Magnolia Maple

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Sapindales
Family: Aceraceae
Genre: Acer

Images: Acer platanoides
Acer The genus belongs to the family of Aceraceae and includes more than 200 wild species, or from China, Japan and North America.

These trees and shrubs from 1 to 30 m height, usually deciduous leaves have five lobes, in some species are more like ' Acer circinatum who has 7 or 9, or less like 'Acer monspessulanum that only has 3.

Maple grows in mountainous and submontane deciduous and mixed areas of fitoclimatiche Lauretum, and Castanetum Fagetum (0-1500 m).

ornamental species usually sleep very delicate, demanding environments too dry location sheltered from the summer sun and prevailing winds, good resistance to frost, they require cool, well-drained soil, not fertile limestone.

The multiplication takes place cuttings or by grafting on subjects derived from sowing.

varieties grown as ornamentals, for the elegant bearing and highly variegated and colored foliage, gardens and avenues are the ' Acer negundo leaves imparipinnate el' Acer japonicum ;

Photo: Acer palmatum dissectum
while for growing in pots on terraces are preferred varieties and hybrids to the limited development of ' and Acer japonicum 's Acer palmatum with palmate leaves more or less deeply engraved in yellow or red.

Photo: Acer palmatum
L ' el Acer saccharum' Maple nigrum are grown in Canada and in parts of the United States for the production of maple syrup.

Other species of Acer are used nell'Arboricoltura wood and forestry for timber production, including wild or exotic species, are: l ' Maple , the' Acer monspessulanum , the 'Acer opalus , l' el Acer pseudoplatanus' Acer platanoides .

species are suitable for the formation of the Bonsai ' trident maple (Acer burgerianum) el' Japanese Maple (Acer palmatum) .




















Some curious

- The leaf dell'Acero (Acer saccharum) is depicted at the center of the flag of Canada.
- The Japanese word momijigari (which literally means "hunt autumn leaves") is the Japanese tradition of going to fall into the countryside to admire the blazing colors of the maples in Japan.
- Maple Walnuts symbolize the 58 years of marriage in French folklore.
- Maple is one of the most commonly used wood for the construction of musical instruments, in particular, is used to make handles for electric guitar or side bands, back and neck for stringed instruments.

- According to Greek mythology the red maple is the tree of Phobos, the god of fear, probably because it was considered auspicious red blood taken from its leaves in autumn.

Post in construction

We are reviewing the many species of maple and are trying to associate them with a photo.
This job requires a little time


Pending admired the splendor

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Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Magnoliaceae
Genre: Magnolia L.

The Magnolia (Magnolia, L.) is a genus of plants of the family Magnoliaceae. It includes over 80 species of trees and shrubs to slow growth, but in some species such as Magnolia campbelli and Magnolia officinalis can exceed 20 m in height, with interesting flowers, native to North America and Central Asia and the Himalayas.

The genus name was given by Charles Plumier in honor of Pierre Magnol 1638-1715 French physician and botanist, director of the botanical garden of Montpellier, who introduced the concept of family in botanical classification.

The Magnolia leaves are alternate, oval or elliptical, generally large and leathery, perennial or deciduous, flowers solitary, large, generally cup-shaped, with perianth consists of 6-9 Patali petaloids (undifferentiated petals and sepals), stamens many are laminated, the carpels are arranged on the receptacle cone, a flower is considered by botanists primitive, so that wrong for a long time it was considered that the Magnoliaceae were the first Angiosperms appeared on earth (the oldest fossil of this family dates back 95 million years ago).

Fruits ovoid cones in seed heads, seeds contain shiny red or orange.

The species best known in Italy as ornamental plants are:

Trees

- The Magnolia grandiflora evergreen tree native to, up to 10 m high, with white flowers and large fragrant. Was imported into Europe in the early eighteenth century. It is named after Pierre Magnol (1638-1715)

- The Magnolia obovata native of eastern deciduous foliage, similar to those erected by the flowers of the tulip interior colors of white, pink outside, with the vegetative growth before flowering, with numerous varieties and hybrids by colorful flowers in light colors or intense pink to red-purple as the Magnolia obovata var. soulangeana
lilac-pink flowers - The Magnolia machrophylla the major scale up to 10 m high with large deciduous leaves and very fragrant cream colored flowers that offer a nice contrast with the deep green of the foliage
- The Magnolia PRECIA original East Asian, white flowers, fragrant foliage to lapse - The Magnolia glauca originates with tulip-shaped flowers of white-scented the summer bloom.

Shrubs

- The Magnolia liliiflora shrub with deciduous, up to 3 m high, with fragrant flowers open white-pink interior, red-purple outside.



- Magnolia stellata The original East Asian shrub development limited to 5 m high, deciduous leaves, fragrant white flowers with thin petals open and light appearance . The Magnolia stellata also exists in the pink-flowered varieties: Magnolia stellatavar. Leonard Messel, has the same variety of development a white flower is more fragrant. The Magnolia stellata are suitable for use in the hedges also mixed and spontaneous behavior, even if any of the samples as deep as 5 meters usually do not reach 300 cm.
- The Magnolia soulangeana , deciduous plant, of imposing height: Depending on the variety is up to 6 feet and more. The bloom is abundant and limited to spring. The following varieties are known:
1 - M. solangeana var. Dawn superb defined by many farmers also M. soulangeana Julan: it has pure white flowers and large, light green leaves that reach the size of 14 cm and 10 cm wide
2 - M. solangeana var. soulangeana: same features as the previous one differing only in color of the flower: white rose
3 - M. solangeana var. satisfaction: new varieties introduced by the Dutch flower little smaller inner petals of light pink outer petals of deep pink color
4 - M. solangeana denutada var. Yellow River: a new variety introduced by the Dutch, flowers usually slightly smaller than the classic soulangeana; its characteristic color is yellow
5 - M. solangeana var.red lucky: beautiful glass light pink background with pink streaks from the base of the flower and fade in climbing

Common in parks, boulevards and gardens as plants isolated groups and hedges can be grown in pots on the terraces, the port and the abundant blooms in spring or summer.

Light wood and easy to work is highly valued for carpentry.

The seeds of Magnolia campbelli would febrifugal property.

aromatic resins in the bark of Magnolia virginiana have anti-rheumatic action.

prefer to place half-sun, humid and rainy summer weather, acid soil permeable and fresh.

alluvial areas of Italian pre-alpine regions, form the ideal habitat for the development of these plants.

The multiplication is done for layering, offshoot, grafting or planting.

List of most known species of Magnolia:

Magnolia acuminata Magnolia ashe blonde Magnolia Magnolia Magnolia campbelli Magnolia blumei Cathcart compressed Magnolia Magnolia conspicua Magnolia cordata Magnolia cylindrica Magnolia dawsoniana Magnolia delavayi Magnolia denudata (Yulan magnolia, Magnolia heptapeta) Magnolia Magnolia foetida excelsa Magnolia fraseri Magnolia fuscata Magnolia glauca Magnolia globosa Magnolia grandiflora Magnolia hypoleuca Magnolia guatemalensis Magnolia hybrid Magnolia Kobus Magnolia Magnolia insignis liliifera liliiflora Magnolia Magnolia Magnolia macrophylla Magnolia mexicana LOEBNERI mollicomata Magnolia Magnolia Magnolia mutabilis nicholsoniana Magnolia sharp Magnolia obovata Magnolia officinalis Magnolia parviflora Magnolia portoricensis Magnolia proctoriana Magnolia pterocarpa Magnolia pumila Magnolia pyramidata Magnolia rostrata Magnolia salicifolia Magnolia sargentiana Magnolia schiedeana Magnolia sharpii Magnolia sieboldii Magnolia sinensis Magnolia soulangeana Magnolia splendens Magnolia sprengeri Magnolia stellata Magnolia taliensis Magnolia thompsoniana Magnolia tripetala Magnolia veitchii Magnolia verecunda Magnolia virginiana Magnolia watsonii Magnolia wiesneri Magnolia wilsonii Magnolia zenii

Fonte: Wikipedia.org

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Pruning Grafting

L'innesto è una pratica agronomic for asexual propagation of plants.

The graft is to settle on a plant or rootstock that subject, object or a graft made of a portion of said branch scion, or bud eye, or that championship, coming from the plant you want to multiply. Is obtained in this way, one plant consists of two separate portions. The merger is due to callus that forms between the two cut surfaces, and precisely where to fit the bill meristems.

In floriculture gardening and fruit-grafting is widely adopted for propagation of woody plants, herbaceous ones rarely. The success of grafting depends well as a perfect technique in the right period (usually in spring or late summer, when plants that are 'suck in'), including biological affinity between subject and object, affinity decreases from grafts between varieties of same species grafts between species of the genus, up almost to zero between plants of different kinds.

the major types of grafting are:

1) A bud, or eye shield. It is practiced by the mother plant by taking a piece of bark bearing a gem-shaped shield, square or ring that is inserted under the skin of the subject after suitable cutting T.

- A whistle. Variant of the previous format with the scion from the entire ring of bark bearing the gem, practicing the slit on the opposite side of the gem.

2) for approx. Is feasible only between adjacent plants, as it must remove a section of bark to both parties, for uncovering the relevant changes that will have to match exactly.

3) A crown. It is cut to the desired height subject to 'suck in' so that the bark comes off easily from the trunk, tapering one or more slips of wood with some gems, including them with various techniques in a vertical cut between the cortex and the trunk of the subject.

4) A cell. The small slips are placed in a cell dug into the trunk.

5) A gap. It prepares the subject 'dormant' pollarded and doing the split with appropriate tools, then two slips are placed at the ends of the gap to match the regenerating areas.

6) A key (or split English). Precondition is to have subject and object of the same diameter, using a guide board, where he introduced scion and subject, and simultaneously practicing a slanted cut of 28-32%, then you run the incision a tab on the two parts fit perfectly together.

7) A saddle. It cuts the subject with an oblique cut, it also removes a strip of bark and sapwood with a diagonal cut longitudinally, prepare the scion so that it fits perfectly.

8) A bridge. Used to clean up tree trunks or branches, or rare specimens of great value in an area that has lost almost all of the cortex to trauma or diseases, is carried out with a stick or a sucker that serves as a bridge between the healthy parts.

An important connection is the "double slit English." Used primarily for cutting-grafts screws with a forcing. But also used on other fruit with good results. It is generally practiced on the branches of a year. Design: sull'internodo rootstock is basically a cut at 45 degrees, on this cut, from 2 / 3 more you practice a cut down almost parallel to the previous stopping just over half of the branch (It will consist of a sort of tongue). The scion branch formed by n about the same size bearing one or two gems are cut the same way so you do get the tab of the scion under the flap of the rootstock. The joint formed is very stable. If they comply with all the physiological conditions to take root is very high.

Goals principal of the practice of grafting are:

- Spreading rapidly new varieties or cultivars are not yet fixed
- Provide a vigorous rootstock species / varieties
weak - in commercial production for a variety quickly replace it with another more lucrative
- Increase or reduce the development of some plants
- the survival of certain plants in environments unsuitable
- To stimulate the development of parts of the tree branches that are not equipped for various reasons

x

Disaffinità engagement

disaffinità The engagement is taking root in the failure of the graft, and thus the failure of the graft. Conversely, the engraftment of the graft indicates the affinity of grafting.
Of course we must remember that the affinity is highest among the same species and between different species begins to decline.
disaffinità Mostly people think that is due to the emission of substances by one of two biological species, or bionti, which then causes problems to another killing. Another type of disaffinità may be due to the gap between the tissues with consequent breaking of the plants to the point of engagement. Finally, one last question may relate to the action parasites.

Source: Wikipedia.org

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Pruning consists of a range of interventions aimed at modifying the natural way to grow and bear fruit a plant .

It is not only cesori interventions, but also changes the position of the branches, and other interventions such as treatment with growth regulators that modify the cuts in the same way the habitus of the plant or its parts the so-called "chemical pruning." Even if they are possible pruning plants grasses (eg topping tobacco), the pruning is normally carried out on fruit trees and ornamental plants.

pruning is proposed to modify the plant to achieve a number of objectives: - to give the plan a form suitable for optimum utilization of light (but also to facilitate the cultivation) - Acceleration of the development of young trees to reach the final as soon as the skeleton and the entry into production - achieving a balance crown / roots and vegetative phase / stage of breeding, producing high, constant quality - to ensure that the plants adapt agricultural fertility; - to extend the production cycle senescent plants.

The interventions provided by pruning are:
- Removal: removal with a clean cut at the base of branches, twigs and buds
- Topping: elimination of the terminal nodes of a branch (pruning)
- trimming " : elimination of the terminal nodes of a branch (winter pruning)
- Suckering: elimination of adventitious buds on the trunk
- shortens removal of a portion more or less than the distal part of a branch
- Speronatura "shortening that leaves only the proximal 2-3 knots
- Topping: shortening affecting the main branches or trunk of the plant
- Spollonatura: removal suckers
- Thinning means removing flowers, fruit or branches deemed supernumerary
- Peeling: elimination of a part of the leaves
- Decortication ring: a ring of bark removed to facilitate the apex of the fruiting branch
- nick: are charged two V-shaped cuts above a bud to remove part of the cortex and promote the release of a bud
- Engraving: consists of a cut is deepened until the '

sapwood in order to weaken the force growing fruit trees in
- Unbreakable: partial rupture of excessively vigorous branches to force them to bear fruit
- Carving: number of cuttings obtained with a saw blade to tilt thick branches of large
- Bending: there are no cuts, but the bending arc of branches where you want to slow the development of vegetation
- Inclination: there are no cuts, except for industries or large branches (see the notch), but the inclination of the class without bending to facilitate the issuance of new branches
- Spread: there are no cuts but the use of spreaders for a right angle of the branches
- Bending: there are no cuts, but the downward inclination of a branch to slow vegetative growth
- twist: there are no cuts, but the partial rotation of one arm around its axis with a partial rupture timber vessels and stimulation to bear fruit

The tools used in pruning are manual or pneumatic scissors, saw, the dark (in the case of ' Olive ) and recently the mechanized pruner for specialty crops (such as Screw )

Pruning is distinguished by purpose and the season in which it is done, remember to follow the most used:

Pruning of breeding or training: practiced with the intent to give the young plants form optimal for the rational exploitation of space and light

pruning or production practiced with the intent to encourage the growth of branches that bear flowers or fruit to improve quality, and to keep right balance between productive activity and vegetative plant

pruning transplant performed in late winter, when the planting of the crop, remove damaged roots, twisted or ill-prepared and for cutting or trimming are integral to the height of the scaffold

Pruning for reform or reconstruction: performed when the need arises change the shape of a tree, no longer deemed suitable for production (such as the adoption of machinery for mechanized harvesting of fruit) or ornamental

rejuvenation pruning: practiced with the intention to renew the plants become senescent with a drastic reduction of the crown with the topping, in order to get new jets will replace the aged branches

Pruning reorganization or Rimonda: practiced for removing parts of dried foliage, broken or damaged by pests

Pruning
winter practiced to enable the vegetation by cutting more or less severe depending on the purpose

or summer pruning: performed during the growing season in order to depress the vigor of some parts of the plant in favor of other, with tailing operations, Suckering, sfemminellatura, thinning of fruitlets, sbottonatura of floral buttons, trimming, spollonatura , etc. ..

- Pruning in forestry practiced on:
- Rami green: for the lifting of the crown, in

Conifers talking about spalcatura '; CONFIRMED species is not difficult to heal as Beech ol ' Spruce and older plants
- Deadwood: charged in ' Arboriculture for wood to avoid the incorporation of the stumps of the branches in the wood, to prevent the formation of nodes and the consequent depreciation of commercial forestry in is sometimes practiced in order to improve conditions brightness of the forest and to mitigate the dangers of fire and pest attacks

Source: Wikipedia.org

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Cultivar

In botany the term cultivar (formerly abbreviated as HP) means the classification system used to designate the different varieties obtained from a cultivated plant.

The term, which is a contraction of the words "cults (vated) var (iety)," in turn mold of Latin varietas worship, "was officially adopted at the XIII Congress of horticulture in London in 1952 in order to distinguish the varieties rather than those obtained from plants in the wild, where it continues to use the traditional classification.

Most of the cultivars derived from crosses made by farmers and the gardeners, who over the centuries have chosen the plants so as to enhance the characters, considered important, such as color, size of flowers, the productivity or resistance to disease.

The common hyacinth, for example, is mostly cultivated varieties that enhance the density of flowers, which resemble very little to the original wild species.

cultivars, often sterile, are commonly propagated vegetatively and some species of great economic value, such as apple and pink, there are many thousands.

Source: Wikipedia.org